La Difesa Della Razza
In the years leading up to World War II, Mussolini's policies and laws reflected and encouraged the intensification of racism across Fascist Italy. To advance and garner support for his policies, Mussolini used the political and popular press. Publication of the biweekly newspaper La Difesa della Razza ( In Defense of Race) began in August 5, 1938 and continued until June 20, 1943. Together with the so-called "Manifesto degli Scienziati Razzisti" (Manifesto of Racial/Racist Scientists), the publication's goal was to foster racism through biological and scientific rather than political arguments.
The La Difesa della Razza Collection in Special Collections at the USF Tampa Library holds a complete run of the publication. In 2013, the Library completed a project to digitize all issues of this collection and make them freely available online.
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Difesa della Razza: Scienza, Documentazione, Polemica, Questionario, June 5, 1939
Contents: North and South: overcoming an opposition; Germany and Italy; Italian and German ethnic groups; Italians and Germans - ethnic types and subtypes; Italy and Germany pef. an art of its own race; The scientific and philosophical foundations of German racism; Autarchy - Germany's and Italy's response to the capitalist siege; homogeneity and continuity of the Italian race; Total War and Race Consciousness; The truth we need is religion; Questions
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Difesa della Razza: Scienza, Documentazione, Polemica, Questionario, May 20, 1939
Contents: Christ and Christians in the Talmud - A Jewish Army in the United States; Race and Romanity in Horace's poetry; Tacitus and the problem of race; The woman and the family in the august civilization; Littoria, nursery of the race - how the Jews consider the non-Jewish woman; Physical type and moral character of true and false Italians; Catholics and Jews in France; The tale of Europeanism and Italian Leonardo; Vital space for fertile races - Malthus in Cattedra; Precursors of racial studies in Italy; The stature of the Italians; Albanians of Italy; Revelation source of life and greatness; Questions
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Difesa della Razza: Scienza, Documentazione, Polemica, Questionario, May 5, 1939
Contents: The colonial policy of Fascist Italy; When England wanted to annex Djibouti; Colonization of people; What is the task of the African colonizers; The Three Opium Wars; Miscegenation, death of empires; Health and work in the empire; Effects of British rule in Egypt; The fight against malaria in the empire; The racial legislation of the empire; On a mission in Galla Sidama - Oppressed India; Italian scholars of African races; the races of the empire; The pioneers of the empire - France in Indochina; Germanic colonial claims; The architecture and the empire; Decline of democratic imperialism; agony of the French empire; The Portuguese and Dutch colonial systems; Judaic anti-imperialism; Heroism and otherworldly cognition; Questions
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Difesa della Razza: Scienza, Documentazione, Polemica, Questionario, April 20, 1939
Contents: Italian work in Albania; In our work we defend and empower the race; Workers in democratic "havens"; The empire fertilized by work; The Acclimatization of Workers in the Empire; Work organization in Germany; The restoration of the ethical and political values of work; The Jews deserters of work; Fascist protection of the worker; How democracies exploit the worker; Fascist protection of rural areas; Armless Campaigns; Race and work; Revelation and philosophical disillusionment, Questions
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Difesa della Razza: Scienza, Documentazione, Polemica, Questionario, April 5, 1939
Contents: Race hierarchy and Italian supremacy; The Italian race in the theory of homogenesis; Racial Eugenics and Intermarriage; Child Feeding in Colony; The Hyperborean hypothesis; The breed of art; Rites and Superstitions of the Jews; An anti-Jewish binding; The spread of Jewish influence in England; What war effort is the French race capable of?; The Jews against social justice; The S.O.S. of anti-racists; Catholic universality and racial distinction; The natural state, ancient and modern society; Questions
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Difesa della Razza: Scienza, Documentazione, Polemica, Questionario, March 20, 1939
Contents: Metropolis and province; The eagle race; The homogeny of pink; Identification and defense of racial characteristics; Physical attributes of the Italian race; Mystique and reality of blood; Racism and civilization; Feminism and the Italian woman; Mestizaje and France; Jewish Revolts and Seditions in the Roman Empire; Paul IV and the charter of the Jews; Essential Bibliography on Racism; Anti-Semitic Sardinian people; Rebellion of the spirit against the flesh; Questions
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Difesa della Razza: Scienza, Documentazione, Polemica, Questionario, March 5, 1939
Contents: Race of leaders; Race and Law; The concept of race in Italy and Germany; Constitution and Natalita; People of Italy on French soil; History of the Albanian race; Jewish scandals in Paris; Lust, greed and racial hatred of the Jews; Baptisms and conversions of Jews; The false converts; How the Jews Became the Masters of France; the moral disorder of France; The Legend of Gog and Magog; The "patriotic" Jews in the Veneto; Spinoza's excommunication; The "Jescibah"; The Tree of Good and Evil; Questions
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Difesa della Razza: Scienza, Documentazione, Polemica, Questionario, February 20, 1939
Contents: Jewish Middle Ages in Trapani; The Jews in the kingdom of Naples; Jews in Cosenza and Calabria Citra; The fairs of Bolzano and the Jewish brokers; Monte San Savino and the expulsion of the Jews in 1799; Usury, sacrilege and fraud in Bologna and the banishment of Jews from church states; The Jews in the Duchy of Urbino; The corruption of art; Arians and Levantines in art; The prophecies of Nostradamus; Race studies in Italy before racism; The spade, the plow and the breed; Prognathism is a differential character of the breed; Blood inheritance; Maternal insurance; Questions
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Difesa della Razza: Scienza, Documentazione, Polemica, Questionario, February 5, 1939
Contents: Relations between blood groups and anthropological characters; Ligurians and Celts; To cultivate racial pride in childhood; The race of the soul; The first museum of the breed; Representative expressions of savages, of demented people, of Jews; Psychology of Semites and Hamites; The manifest Jews and the illegal immigrants; France and the Jewish invasion; Bernardino of Feltre and the minor friars; Pessimism and skepticism, Jewish weapons; How Jews penetrated British political life; The Jewish Plague; Questions
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Difesa della Razza: Scienza, Documentazione, Polemica, Questionario, January 20, 1939
For a charter of the Italian race in France; Grandeur and decadence of the French race; Old evils of the French people; Race, myth reality, blood transfusions and blood group doctrine; Eugenics and racism; Race and nation according to Giacomo Leopardi; Cesare Balbo, staunch defender of the breed; Giulio Bartolucci, Carlo G. Imbonati and the rabbinic books; Cohn, Meyer E. Salomon, Aryan Firm; Jewish Bibliography; The Tragedy of the Greek Race; The Semites and the figurative arts; Where there is gold, there is the country; defend the prestige; Questions
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Difesa della Razza: Scienza, Documentazione, Polemica, Questionario, January 5, 1939
Contents: Corsican racial Italianity; Three degrees of the race problem; Blood groups and racial nuclei; Unit of the race from the Etruscans to the Renaissance; Blacks and whites; The Fuegians; The sacrilege of the wafer; The number and power; Jewish pride; Encounters and clashes of races on screen; Ferocity - Cunning - Weighting of the Jews - The third race; How the Jews attempted to seize the church's patrimony; Jewish criminality; The mountain and the race; Questions
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Difesa della Razza: Scienza, Documentazione, Polemica, Questionario, December 20, 1938
Contents: We defend the qualities of the breed in motherhood; The mother in art; Mothers on screen; Mothers and children in the U.S.S.R.; "Familiarity"; From infant to citizen; The people and the classical school; the search for motherhood; The garrison family of the romanita; Cult of childhood in ancient Rome; Breed strength family health; decadence of the family in France; Reasonable are dead peoples; Questions
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Difesa della Razza: Scienza, Documentazione, Polemica, Questionario, December 5, 1938
Contents: The Masked Jew; Mussolini to Italians from all over the world; Half a century of emigration; The bourgeoisie and emigration; The environment does not distort the breed; how Jews exploited emigrants; A controversy between Crispi and Nitti on the problem of emigration; The tragic bleeds; The emigrant as he was and as he was described; Italians in Africa: Distribution of Italians abroad; Italians in France; Italians in Tunisia; Italians in Switzerland; Italians in the United States; Italians in Argentina; Italian artists abroad; Pioneers of civilization; Italians who came from beyond the mountains and seas to conquer an empire for their homeland; Beams abroad; Colonies and campsites of the G.I.L.E.; Italian schools abroad; Houses of Italy; Questions
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Difesa della Razza: Scienza, Documentazione, Polemica, Questionario, November 20, 1938
Contents: Italian breed beyond the border; Grandparents, children and grandchildren - cephalic index inheritance; The dear ones; Continuity of race and primitive culture in Italy; Food autarky defense of the homeland; Race and Classes; Jews in Paris; Jews against Zionism; The Jewish International and Italy; The expulsion of the Jews from Sicily; Leone gambini and the problem of Jewish citizenship; Cato Major Racism; British racism; The Magyars, warrior race; Leopardi's thoughts; Questions
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Difesa della Razza: Scienza, Documentazione, Polemica, Questionario, November 5, 1938
Contents: A race to conquer a continent; North American racism; Fighting and winning: ideals of our greats; The race of defeatists; The sadists of defeat; The eternal ambushes; The War and the Jewish Press; Jewish peace betrayed victory; Warrior virtues of the Italian race; Unwarlike peoples and warriors in Africa; A people without armies; Jew and soldier, an antithesis; A race without heroes; Infantrymen and peasants, backbone of the army; Triumphal motifs in the art of the Aryan peoples; The Jews and the War; Cinematographic anti-militarism; Questions
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Difesa della Razza: Scienza, Documentazione, Polemica, Questionario, October 20, 1938
Contents: Fascist protection of the race; Race and Social Security; Jewish defeatism; The Jews and the Fascist Revolution; How the Jews robbed Germany during the great war; The Jew does not assimilate; Jewish conversions; The Jewish conspiracy in 1924; The census of Italian Jews; Jews against Italy in the period of sanctions - Jews in the service of Barcelona; The racial situation of the five continents; Let us prevent unhappy people from being born; Interbreeding with Africans is an attack on European civilization; Purity and unity of blood of the Italian race; Homogeneity of the Italian race; The juridical aspects of the decisions of the grand council; Clerical Dionysius; neither with 98 nor with 998; Hebrism and Bolshevism in the world; Jewish Bolshevism; Judaism and fascism; Jews and bourgeois morality; Jewish exile; Questions
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Difesa della Razza: Scienza, Documentazione, Polemica, Questionario, October 5, 1938
Contents: One Hundred Thousand?; A "biological" solution to the Jewish question; The distribution of the Jews on the five continents; Brotherhood of hate; Luigi Chiarini and the "Theory of Judaism"; From the Talmud - the two mouths of Israel; Racial and rural; Arianita of the Etruscan language; Italians and French - the Jews judged by Kante are of two civilizations; In the prestige of the race and the preservation of the empire; Heredity and eugenics; The Metric Scale of Intelligence and the Mental Inferiority of Negroes; Ethiopians according to racism; The blood biological individuality of race; We disarm the bourgeois; Art and race; The Nation of Israel and Freemasonry; Freud's pansexualism; How Israel soils Leonardo's genius; Questions
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Difesa della Razza: Scienza, Documentazione, Polemica, Questionario, September 20, 1938
Contents: Talmud; The passport of the ancestors; Israelite schools; Jewish popes and doctors; the Jews according to the cross - cross according to the Jews; the jew who betrays happy orsini; collective ambush; Why Aryans; Caesar's racism and the analogical theory of language; Pasquino and the Jews; The Jew in art - The Jew in life; Blonds and browns in the Italian race; Miscegenation threatens the moral and physical health of peoples; White women in Africa; The woman, custodian of the characteristics of the race; The blood of the dwarves; On the other side of the fence; Madame, Mabruka and Sciarmutta; The principle of race and the state of citizenship; Questions
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Difesa della Razza: Scienza, Documentazione, Polemica, Questionario, September 5, 1938
Contents: Physical characteristics of the Italian race; Jews as a race; Racism and colonial problems; Menelism in man; Antiquity of race differences; Blood and race; Aryan Sardinia; Ancient Rome and the Jews; Logic and morality of racism; The Jewish shadow over France; The "Catholic civilization" and the Jews; Racism and peace; Confidential blood; The manifesto of the rabbis of Italy; Leopardi and the Jews; Clarifications
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Difesa della Razza: Scienza, Documentazione, Polemica, Questionario, August 20, 1938
Contents: Concepts of Italian racism; The shape of the hair in the human races; Italy and Islam facing the racist problem; Mendel's laws; colonial racism; Ashkenasi and Sephardim, a disagreement that politics must not ignore; Differences between whites and blacks in the third month of embryonic life; A Danger to the Race - The Decline of the Upper Classes; Fundamental concepts on inheritance; Let's start with the vernacular; Evolution and race; Fifty years of controversy in "La Civilta Cattolica"; Negroes and whites in Africa; Internationalism and racism; The fortune of the word "race" in our language; Dignity of a people; The defense of the race in the current fascist penal legislation
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Difesa della Razza: Scienza, Documentazione, Polemica, Questionario, August 5, 1938
Contents: Italian Racism - the party and Italian racism; Presentation - Jewish crime race and percentage - evolution of the notion of race; The ethnic unity of the Italian nation in history; Racism; Race and racial differences; The bastards - Franco; The problems of race and the opportunity for an anthropometric inquiry into the Italian population; Biological Inheritance and Racism; Natural environment and biopsychic characteristics of the Italian race; Characters of the Roman world; Can there be racism in Medicine?; A matter of genius; The Edict of Caracalla; A semi-barbarian paves the way for the barbarians; The bourgeoisie and race; The Seven Sins; Jewish hatred of other races; Youth and the Italian race; The Jews and the Agricultural Control of the Jewish Movement in Germany