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Hurricane Damage-recovery, Bull ESA p179, Ackerman et al, 1991
Ackerman
Figure showing hurricane force, distance from eye, importance of site factors, vegetation damage, recovery time (in years, decades, centuries), and gap similarity.
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Octocoral Structure
Barnes
Figure 5-35. Structure of gorgonian coral of the anthozoan subclass Octocorallia (After R. C. Moore.).
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Caribbean Sea CZCS, January 82, Muller-Karoer et al, 1990
Frank E. Muller-Karger
Plate 4. January 1982. CZCS composite of 9 overviews of the Caribbean Sea in January 1982.
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Caribbean Sea CZCS, March 1979, Muller-Karoer et al, 1990
Frank E. Muller-Karger
Plate 1. Composite of 3 CZCS scenes of the Caribbean Sea in March 1979.
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Discharge of Amazon Orinoco Rivers, Muller-Karoer et al, 1990
Frank E. Muller-Karger
Graph of mean standard deviation of the discharge of the Amazon (1969-1978) and Orinoco (1979-1983).
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Montastrea Annularis Growth vs Death
Unknown
Figure 190. Systematic changes in maximum skeletal growth rate at the crest of colonies of Monstrea annularis reciprocally transplanted for 3 years in different depths; solid lines with arrows indicate direction of transplant and change in growth rate over transplant interval; colony 8 was cemented in rotated position (65 degrees to original orientation) at the same depth; colonies 6, 7 are from 3-year transplant data from Jamaica (courtesy P. Dunstan); dashed line is the regression equation of the maximum skeletal growth rate vs. depth of in situ colonies (Figure 186).
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Acid Rain, September 1989
Scientific American
Acid rain is a political problem because industrial emissions responsible for acidic precipitation cross political borders. Regions where the density of sulfur dioxide emissions was more than 1.5 tons per square kilometer in 1980 are shown in gray; states with the largest emissions are in the Midwest and along the Ohio River. The contours show the pH of precipitation; low pH means high acidity. Within the low-pH regions, lakes and streams are at highest risk of acidification where the water’s alkalinity is lowest (orange)—largely in the Adirondacks and New England. Sulfur dioxide data are from the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program, alkalinity data from James M. Omernick of the Environmental Protection Agency and his colleagues.
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Animal Diversity Over Geologic Time
Scientific American
Graph from the September 1989 edition of Scientific American showing “number of families” on the y axis and “millions of years ago” on the x axis. The graph depicts Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Tertiary.
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Atmospheric Carbon Flux
Scientific American
Annual carbon fluxes are shown in units of one billion metric tons. Photosynthesis on land removes about 100 billion tons of carbon from the atmosphere annually in the form of carbon dioxide. Plant and soil respiration each return about 50 billion tons. Fossil-fuel burning and deforestation release into the atmosphere respectively about five and two billion tons. Physiochemical processes at the sea level surface release about 100 billion tons into the atmosphere and absorb about 104. The net atmospheric gain is about three billion tons annually. The table lists the world’s major carbon reservoirs.
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Atmospheric Methane from 10k Years, BP, September 1989
Scientific American
Line graph with “years before present” on the x axis and “methane concentration (parts per billion)” on the y axis.
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Correlation of Atmospheric CO2, September 1989
Scientific American
Graphs depicting temperature from 1950-1979 mean (degrees Celsius) and temperature change from present (degrees Celsius). The measurement is in carbon dioxide concentration (parts per million).
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Developed Nations Consumption of Resources, September 1989
Scientific American
Developed nations consume far more of the world’s goods than do the developing nations—which have some 75 percent of the world’s population. Per capita consumption in the developing nations is shows as a percent of that in the developed nations. Dara are estimates by the World Commission on Environment and Development.
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Environmental Values, September 1989
Scientific American
Environmental values have drawn increasing support in the U.S. In New York Times/CBS News polls taken since 1981, respondents were asked to react to this statement: “Protecting the environment is so important that requirements and standards cannot be too high, and continuing environmental improvements must be made regardless of cost.” The two latest polls were taken after the Exxon Valdez spill.
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Food Production Technology, September 1989
Scientific American
World map showing food production zones of green-revolution inputs, intermediate inputs, and low inputs.
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Forest Clearing Rondonia Brazil, April 1989
Scientific American
Correlation among the global temperature change, level of heat-trapping gases and carbon dioxide emissions is shown in the first three graphs for the past 140 years. In grab a both the annual mean temperature (spiky curve) and the five-year running mean (smooth curve) are plotted. Graphs b and c show the atmospheric carbon dioxide and methane content respectively. Pre-1958 data come from analyses of air trapped in bubbles of glacial ice from various sites around the world. The annual production of carbon from fossil-fuel burning (black) and from change in land use (color) is shown in d; the last data were obtained from historical sources.
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Global Surface and Trends, 100 Years, Feburary 1989
Scientific American
Figure 2. A comparison of the global surface temperature trends over the past 100 years constructed from land and island stations and ocean surface temperature data sets at the (A) Climate Research Unit and from a similar set of stations (minus the ocean surface temperature data set) at the (B) Goddard Institute of Space Studies.
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Patterns of Energy Use, September 1989
Scientific American
Graph showing oil, gas, coal, nuclear, and hydropower energy in (exajoules) for the United States, Western Europe, Japan, developing countries, electric power, residential and commercial, industrial, and transportation.
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Projections of Energy Efficiency, September 1989
Scientific American
Chart showing opportunities for energy efficiency in cars, home, refrigerator, gas furnace, and air conditioner.
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Projections of Human Population Size, September 1989
Scientific American
Three projections of the growing human population are shown here. If the growth rate were to remain near the current 1.74 percent a year until the year 2000 and decline thereafter to .98 percent in 2025, the world population will reach almost 8.5 billion in 2025 (black). If the growth rate were to decline at .59 percent by 2025, the population in 2025 will be around 7.6 billion (blue). If the growth rate were to climb to 1.9 percent at the end of the century before declining, the population in 2025 will be more than 9.4 billion (red). The data were supplied by the United Nations Department of International Economic and Social Affairs.
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Satellite Schematic
Scientific American
A satellite schematic illustration from Scientific American showing Africa and portions of South America.
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Sea Level Rise, Washington, D.C.
Scientific American
Washington, D.C., is depicted here under the same conditions as in the preceding illustration. Washington National Airport and the Lincoln Memorial are inundated. The 7.6-meter contour reaches out almost to the Capitol steps and to the White House.
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World Energy Consumption, September 1989
Scientific American
Graphs depicting world energy consumption in exajoules and megajoules per person, as well as energy consumption in megajoules per dollar for the United States, Western Europe, Japan, and developing countries.
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World Food Production, September 1989
Scientific American
World food production is growing faster than population. The chart shows the annual increase in total production of cereals (red) and in the world’s population (blue). If the food supply can be increased at the current pace (or even a slower one), there will be enough food for a stable world population of 10 billion in 100 years.
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World Patterns in Fertalizer Use, September 1989
Scientific American
Graph of average annual fertilizer consumption (million metric tons) for South America, Africa, Asia, U.S.S.R., North and Central America, and Europe. Dates range from 1964-1987.
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