Transforming Growth Gactor-β2 is Sequestered in Preterm Human Milk by Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans
Document Type
Article
Publication Date
2015
Keywords
breast milk, necrotizing enterocolitis, TGF-β2, inflammation, chondroitinase
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00126.2015
Abstract
Human milk contains biologically important amounts of transforming growth factor-β2 isoform (TGF-β2), which is presumed to protect against inflammatory gut mucosal injury in the neonate. In preclinical models, enterally administered TGF-β2 can protect against experimental necrotizing enterocolitis, an inflammatory bowel necrosis of premature infants. In this study, we investigated whether TGF-β bioactivity in human preterm milk could be enhanced for therapeutic purposes by adding recombinant TGF-β2 (rTGF-β2) to milk prior to feeding. Milk-borne TGF-β bioactivity was measured by established luciferase reporter assays. Molecular interactions of TGF-β2 were investigated by nondenaturing gel electrophoresis and immunoblots, computational molecular modeling, and affinity capillary electrophoresis. Addition of rTGF-β2 (20–40 nM) to human preterm milk samples failed to increase TGF-β bioactivity in milk. Milk-borne TGF-β2 was bound to chondroitin sulfate (CS) containing proteoglycan(s) such as biglycan, which are expressed in high concentrations in milk. Chondroitinase treatment of milk increased the bioactivity of both endogenous and rTGF-β2, and consequently, enhanced the ability of preterm milk to suppress LPS-induced NF-κB activation in macrophages. These findings provide a mechanism for the normally low bioavailability of milk-borne TGF-β2 and identify chondroitinase digestion of milk as a potential therapeutic strategy to enhance the anti-inflammatory effects of preterm milk.
Was this content written or created while at USF?
Yes
Citation / Publisher Attribution
American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, v. 309, issue 3, p. G171-G180
Scholar Commons Citation
Namachivayam, Kopperuncholan; Coffing, Hayley P.; Sankaranarayanan, Nehru Viji; Jin, Yingzi; MohanKumar, Krishnan; Frost, Brandy L.; Blanco, Cynthia L.; Patel, Aloka L.; Meier, Paula P.; Garzon, Steven A.; Desai, Umesh R.; and Maheshwari, Akhil, "Transforming Growth Gactor-β2 is Sequestered in Preterm Human Milk by Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans" (2015). Pediatrics Faculty Publications. 28.
https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/ped_facpub/28
