High sulfate concentrations in limestone springs: An important factor in conduit initiation?

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Publication Date

2-1-1995

Publication Title

Environmental Geology

Volume Number

25

Abstract

Major ion concentrations in 404 springs in carbonate strata were found to exhibit a wide range in sulfate values. Sulfate concentrations are often much larger than would be expected from the analysis of samples from surface outcrops. Springs in the Sierra Madre Oriental (Mexico), the Rocky Mountains Front Range (Canada), and the Peak District (England) show similarities in sulfate concentration and in spatial distribution. Springs with high sulfate concentrations are found close to base level and are thermal. Springs with low sulfate concentration are found at higher elevations above base level and are not thermal. There is a direct relationship between sulfate concentration and spring temperature, and an inverse relationship with discharge. The results from the three areas described support a model of local and regional flow patterns, with deep regional flow providing the warm sulfate-rich water. The initial fracture porosity development in these aquifers may owe as much to the removal of sulfur minerals as to the removal of carbonate minerals. High sulfate values are frequently found in carbonate aquifers, so this model may be of widespread applicability.

Keywords

Springs, Sulfates, Aquifers, Groundwater flow, Carbonate rocks

Document Type

Article

Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01061825

Language

English

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