Graduation Year

2005

Document Type

Dissertation

Degree

Ph.D.

Degree Granting Department

Medical Microbiology and Immunology

Major Professor

Hua Yu, Ph.D.

Co-Major Professor

Peter Medveczky, M.D.

Committee Member

Burt Anderson, Ph.D.

Committee Member

Douglas Cress, Ph.D.

Committee Member

Richard Heller, Ph.D.

Keywords

STAT, HIF, VEGF, IL-6, angiogenesis, hypoxia

Abstract

Increased vascularization (angiogenesis) is a required adaptation for sustained tumor growth, and the primary mediator of de novo blood vessel formation is vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The central transcriptional activator of VEGF is hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), a heterodimeric transcription factor composed of an inducible HIF-1α subunit and a constitutively expressed HIF-1β subunit. In addition to HIF-1, it has recently been reported that signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) is required for VEGF production and angiogenesis. Although it is known that Stat3 is an important mediator of many of the oncogenic signaling pathways that regulate HIF-1α, it was not known if Stat3 regulates HIF-1α. To answer this important question, the effect of blocking Stat3 signaling on both HIF-1α and VEGF expression was examined. Treatment of cells with IL-6, a potent activator of Stat3, resulted in HIF-1α and VEGF induction during normoxia. By blocking protein synthesis with cycloheximide, it was determined that IL-6 induction of HIF-1α resulted from increased translation. When Stat3 was silenced with siRNA, both basal level expression and IL-6 induction of HIF-1α and VEGF were significantly reduced. Furthermore, it is likely that Stat3 is required for HIF-1α induction by a variety of growth signals, as both HIF-1α and VEGF expression resulting from EGF and heregulin were abolished when Stat3 signaling was blocked. Because we had observed that Stat3 was required for induction of HIF-1α by growth signals, we wanted to determine if Stat3 was also required for HIF-1α induction by hypoxia. When stat3 was silenced and cells exposed to hypoxia, HIF-1α expression was again abolished. Furthermore, the hypoxic induction of VEGF and MMP2 was also prevented. These results, along with loss of basal expression of HIF-1α, suggest that Stat3 is fundamentally involved with the cellular reponse to hypoxia. This idea is reinforced by our observation that Stat3 is activated by hypoxia in several cell lines. These findings position Stat3 as an important target for antiangiogenic therapy, not only through its direct regulation of the VEGF gene, but also because it is required for expression of the other most important transcriptional activator of VEGF.

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