Contributing Genetic, Environmental and Lifestyle Factors to a Global Prevalence of Parkinson’s Disease
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Mentor Information
Dr. Olukemi Akintewe
Description
Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a neurological condition characterized by a loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the presence of Lewy bodies. The mechanism of PD is not entirely understood, and current literature reviews focused on PD diagnosis prevalence are limited to narrow topics or focused strictly on genetic or environmental factors, not their interplay. In this literature review, Rayyan.ai software was utilized to filter 2101 articles from PubMed (published between 2013-2024) that focused on a potential increase of PD and explored a multitude of causalities for such a rise. A multistep process in which articles were eliminated limited the most relevant articles to 248. The information was further consolidated and summarized. Oxidative and ER stress, DNA methylation, the Unfolding Protein Response (UPR), as well as different genes, neurotransmitters, and proteins (such as MDR1, GABA, and a-synuclein) are contributing genetic factors to the increase of PD. Environmental contributions to PD diagnoses such as pesticides, exposure to heavy metals, and air pollution are varied and controversial at best. Genetic and environmental factors were found to influence one another (for instance, pesticide exposure may cause the activation of certain genes linked to neurodegeneration seen in PD). The connection between the brain and gut microbiota and gut-related disorders was also explored. This literature review provides a summary of recent findings that may be used to improve the quality of life and treatment options for individuals with PD, allowing for proper assessment and impactful solutions for PD.
Contributing Genetic, Environmental and Lifestyle Factors to a Global Prevalence of Parkinson’s Disease
Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a neurological condition characterized by a loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the presence of Lewy bodies. The mechanism of PD is not entirely understood, and current literature reviews focused on PD diagnosis prevalence are limited to narrow topics or focused strictly on genetic or environmental factors, not their interplay. In this literature review, Rayyan.ai software was utilized to filter 2101 articles from PubMed (published between 2013-2024) that focused on a potential increase of PD and explored a multitude of causalities for such a rise. A multistep process in which articles were eliminated limited the most relevant articles to 248. The information was further consolidated and summarized. Oxidative and ER stress, DNA methylation, the Unfolding Protein Response (UPR), as well as different genes, neurotransmitters, and proteins (such as MDR1, GABA, and a-synuclein) are contributing genetic factors to the increase of PD. Environmental contributions to PD diagnoses such as pesticides, exposure to heavy metals, and air pollution are varied and controversial at best. Genetic and environmental factors were found to influence one another (for instance, pesticide exposure may cause the activation of certain genes linked to neurodegeneration seen in PD). The connection between the brain and gut microbiota and gut-related disorders was also explored. This literature review provides a summary of recent findings that may be used to improve the quality of life and treatment options for individuals with PD, allowing for proper assessment and impactful solutions for PD.
