Karst Sinkholes and Civil Engineering: Overview of Characterization and Treatment Options From a Geophysical and Geotechnical Viewpoint

Karst Sinkholes and Civil Engineering: Overview of Characterization and Treatment Options From a Geophysical and Geotechnical Viewpoint

Sinkholes pose a significant geohazard to civil engineering infrastructure in regions underlain by carbonate karst terrain. Selecting an appropriate stabilization method requires balancing site conditions, infrastructure risk, environmental considerations, and cost, all of which depend on a thorough understanding of the planned or existing infrastructure and subsurface conditions. This paper provides an overview of common sinkhole characterization and stabilization methods used in the Mid-Atlantic and Appalachian regions of the United States from both geotechnical and geophysical perspectives. The application of geophysical methods in conjunction with intrusive investigations is reviewed as a means of reducing subsurface uncertainty and refining treatment designs. Geotechnical treatment options, including excavation and reverse-grade filters, grouting, deep foundations, and bridging structures, are discussed along with the factors influencing treatment selection. Two example projects involving infrastructure impacted by sinkholes demonstrate how integrated geophysical and geotechnical investigations guided stabilization efforts, improved understanding of subsurface conditions, and supported cost-effective engineering solutions. The examples illustrate the value of combining complementary investigation methods to reduce uncertainty and develop stabilization approaches appropriate for site-specific conditions.