Graduation Year

2022

Document Type

Dissertation

Degree

D.B.A.

Degree Granting Department

Business

Major Professor

Diane Kutz, D.B.A.

Co-Major Professor

Joann Farrell Quinn, Ph.D.

Committee Member

Douglas E. Hughes, Ph.D.

Committee Member

Hemant Merchant, Ph.D.

Keywords

diversity management, inclusive leadership, leader-member exchange, optimal distinctiveness, organizational citizenship behaviors, psychological safety

Abstract

Workplace inclusion both maximizes the benefits of a diverse workforce and simultaneously reduces its negative consequences. However, a majority of the inclusion research takes an explicit or implicit management-focused perspective. This is problematic because management has more power than employees and executives are usually exemplars of the dominant organizational culture. In order to be more holistic, inclusion research should be much more deeply informed by a subordinate-centered understanding of workplace inclusiveness. Those with less power, those who are minoritized, and those who are marginalized have critical perspectives that must be brought to bear on the construct of workplace inclusivity.

This study adopted a subordinate-centered approach and used an interpretive phenomenological analysis to explore the nature of inclusive managerial interactions between leaders and employees at a single organization. The results demonstrated that five aspects of inclusive interactions generated a sense of meaningful inclusion for employees: psychological safety, uniqueness, belonging, authenticity, and discretionary effort/time. The first three aspects affirmed existing theories of inclusive leadership. The last two aspects indicated ways to expand our theoretical understanding of inclusive leadership. Practical implications for leaders are discussed, specifically when, how, and to what effect they should engage subordinates using inclusive managerial interactions.

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