Petrographic and isotopic evidence for late-stage processes in sulfuric acid caves of the Guadalupe Mountains, New Mexico, USA

Authors

Margaret V. PalmerFollow
Arthur N. Palmer, State University of New York, OneontaFollow

Abstract

Caves of the Guadalupe Mountains have experienced many modifications since their final phase of sulfuric acid speleogenesis several million years ago. Petrographic and geochemical data reveal details of the change from H₂SO₄ to CO₂-dominated reactions. The H₂SO₄ dissolution front acquired a coating of replacement gypsum with local pockets of anhydrite and by-products of altered clay, including Fe-Mn oxides. Alteration of bedrock beneath the gypsum produced a white micritized rind with small negative shifts in δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O. Solution basins contain records of the earliest post-speleogenetic processes: corroded bedrock, residual anhydrite, Fe-Mn oxides from fluctuating pH and Eh, mammillary calcite, and dolomitization. Later meteoric water removed or recrystallized much of the gypsum and early micrite, and replaced some gypsum with calcite. Mammillary crusts demonstrate fluctuating groundwater, with calcite layers interrupted by films of Fe-Mn oxides precipitated during periodic inflow of anoxic water. Condensation moisture (from local evaporation) absorbs CO₂ from cave air, corroding earlier features and lowering their δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O. Drips of condensation water deposit minerals mainly by evaporation, which increases δ¹⁸O in the speleothems while δ¹³C remains nearly constant. By forcing calcite precipitation, evaporation raises the Mg content of remaining water and subsequent precipitates. Dolomite (both primary and replacive) is abundant. In areas of low air circulation, water on and within carbonate speleothems equilibrates with cave-air CO₂, causing minerals to recrystallize with glassy textures. Fluorite on young evaporative speleothems suggests a recent release of deep-source HF gas and absorption by droplets of condensation water.

DOI

http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1827-806X.41.2.10

Recommended Citation

Palmer, Margaret V. and Arthur N. Palmer. 2012. Petrographic and isotopic evidence for late-stage processes in sulfuric acid caves of the Guadalupe Mountains, New Mexico, USA. International Journal of Speleology, 41: 231-250.
Available at: https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/ijs/vol41/iss2/10